Pathology comes from the words pathos (disease) and logos (science) and is the branch which examines diseases in a scientific way. It examines the factors that cause diseases (aetiology), how diseases are formed mechanically (etiopathogenesis), how they affect tissue and organs, the structural features of diseased tissues and organs (morphology), and functionality disorders caused by these changes (functio laesa).

Pathological examination of the diseases is very important for choosing an appropriate treatment method. Today, pathological examination is required and mandatory for certain diagnosis and the prognosis of many diseases, especially tumours.
Histopathologic and cytopathological examinations performed in the laboratory:

• Surgical Pathology
• Incisional Biopsy
• Excisional Biopsy
• Tru-cut (needle) biopsy
• Punch Biopsy
• Endoscopic Biopsy
• Organ Resection
• Amputation
• Dissection of lymph nodes
• Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

Cytopathology
In the Cytopathology unit, gynaecologic cytology and non-gynaecologic cytologic materials (fine needle aspirations, serous effusions, peritoneal washing fluids, bronchi and bronchoalveolar lavages, phlegm and urine cytologies, cerebrospinal fluids etc.) are examined. Sending procedures are different depending on the cytological material sent. In cervicovaginal cytology, a fluid-based method with a fine solution (liquid-based cytology) is used.
Cytopathologic examinations performed in the laboratory:

• Gynaecologic cytology
• PAP screening test
• Non-gynaecologic cytology
• Fine-needle aspiration cytology
• Pericardial effusion
• Pleural effusion
• Abdominal fluids
• Cystic fluids
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Cell block
• Imprint cytology
• Cytochemical Staining Techniques
• Immunocytochemical Staining Techniques

Scientific Autopsy
Autopsy is a scientific medical examination performed on a corpse to reveal form changes of organs and tissues. It is a method used by pathologists to educate clinicians in order to successfully diagnose and treat similar cases of the disease after a patient dies at the hospital or a disease results in death.